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1Rand Water, PO Box 1127, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa. 2 Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.06
Key words: Hydrozone, ornamental landscape, plant database, plant coefficient, plant factor, indigenous plants, exotic plants
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Abstract: About 27 % of available water in South Africa is utilised in the urban environment. Estimates for South Africa place ornamental landscape water use as high as 50 % of urban water use. South Africa’s average annual rainfall is approximately 495 mm. Rainfall patterns are erratic with periodic droughts of anticipated increased frequency. Ornamental landscapes require additional watering to minimise impacts of dry periods. These landscapes are often over- rather than under-watered. One method of reducing urban ornamental landscape water use is to group plants according to predefined hydrozones to optimise water use through improved site maintenance, landscape design and irrigation application. Currently no extensive researched database of commonly grown ornamental landscape plants linked to hydrozones exists for South Africa. To produce such a plant database, an analysis determining the hydrozone rating of plants sold in South African nurseries was undertaken. The result of this study is a database of plant species suitable for ornamental landscape hydrozones (high, medium, low and very low water requirements) and linked to a plant factor. This provides South African Green Industries Council members, especially landscapers with a database to assist in selecting the most appropriate plants for each hydrozone for their ornamental landscapes and gardens. The database will support South African ornamental landscape water use models.
Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jayanagar, Bangalore – 560 011.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.01
Key words: Artificial wounding, mechanical stress, flavonoid, phenol, antioxidant, reactive oxygen species, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate biochemical response to two different types of wounding damage in leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and also to investigate the influence of pre-wounding on subsequent salt stress exposure. Wounding experiment was performed by small punctures either on the midrib or leaf lamina. Results showed that damage by wounding elicited a rapid increase in H2O2 levels within the first few hours of wound stress. H2O2 levels, total phenolic and flavonoid levels were significantly higher in midrib damage than either the lamina damage or control conditions. Wounding pre-treatment reduced the toxic effects of NaCl stress in plants. Alleviation of salt induced damage was greater in midrib cuts through the stabilization of relative water content and also an increase in antioxidant scavenging activity. These results confirm that wounding pre-treatment induced cross-tolerance to salinity stress in tomato plants. It is suggested that an early and significantly elevated generation of H2O2 with local midrib injury could induce a priming response systemically, thereby providing protection to the subsequent salt stress injury.
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Eachangkottai, Thanjavur-614 902, Tamil Nadu, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.07
Key words: Banana, benzyl amino purine (BAP), indole butyric acid (IBA), Poovan, shoot tip, thidiazuron (TDZ)
Abstract: In vitro micropagation of banana is nowadays pinned towards development of disease free clones. An efficient protocol has been developed for micropropgation of banana cv. Poovan by using shoot tip as explant. The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) for the development of shoots and inodole butyric acid (IBA) for root induction. MS medium supplemented with TDZ was found to be effective for shoot multiplication than MS medium supplemented with BAP. The highest average number of shoots (7.1) for each explant was found in MS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 TDZ, while, the maximum of five shoots were produced per explants in MS medium containing BAP (3 mg L-1). The result of this study showed that the maximum multiplication of shoots (8) was obtained in MS medium containing BAP (3 mg L-1) and TDZ (0.5 mg L-1) with four successive subcultures. Shoot elongation was found to be the best in MS medium containing GA3 (0.4 mg L-1). The well-developed shoots were transferred to the rooting media after three to four subcultures. More number of roots were produced in the medium having IBA (1.0 mg L-1). Rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to plastic pots containing autoclaved garden soil, farmyard manure and sand (2:1:1) for hardening. Regenerated plantlets successfully established in field and showed morphological characters identical to mother plants with success rate of 90 per cent. These findings suggested that the protocol might be used for commercial production of disease free Poovan clones through micropropagation.
1Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. 2Present address: Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, South Kuta, Badung, Bali (80361), Indonesia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.08
Key words: Arak, adsorbent ratio, distillation period, bioethanol
Abstract: Arak is one of traditional Balinese drink that has potential alcohol content used as a raw material in making bioethanol. The aim of this research was to study the influence of adsorbent-arak ratio and distillation period on the characteristics of bioethanol and to identify the right method to produce bioethanol with the best characteristics using distillation-adsorptive purification method. This research used a completely randomized design with factorial experiment. The first factor was an adsorbent-arak ratio, i.e., 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4. The second factor was the distillation period, i.e., 1, 2, 3 h. Each factor was grouped into two groups based on the two times of arak production so that there were 18 experimental units. The data was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test. The result showed that the ratio of adsorbent-arak and distillation period had a significant effect on ethanol content, density, specific gravity, API gravity, and heating value. The combination of 1:3 adsorbent-arak ratio and one-hour distillation period produced the best characteristic viz.,: ethanol content 91.86 %, density 0.83 kg/L, specific gravity 0.81, API gravity 42.31, and heating value 11081.9 kcal/ kg.
Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry-605 014, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.09
Key words: Earthworms, vermicomposting, nutrients, neem, Azadirachta indica
Abstract: The soil is a natural dynamic body with properties derived from combined effects of climate and biotic activity. It is a porous medium made up of minerals, water, chemicals, organic matter, and micro-organisms which supports plant growth and development. On the other side, the leaf litter from the plants upon decomposition release nutrients and helps in nutrient recycling. In nature, leaf litter is processed by soil organisms of which earthworms are one of the major contributors in nutrient cycling. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the nutrient dynamics while vermicomposting neem leaf litter employing two epigeic earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. In addition, an assessment has been made on the presence and quantification of the nitrogen (N2) fixing bacteria during the vermicomposting of leaf litter. From this study, it was found that the nutrients were higher in the earthworm worked leaf litter than the control. It was also found that the nutrients were higher on the 30th day from the start of the vermicomposting process, and tend to reduce by the 60th day with further fall on the 90th day.
1Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, RVSKVV College of Horticulture, Mandsaur-458001 (Madhya Pradesh) India. 2RVSKVV Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agar Malwa-465441 (Madhya Pradesh) India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.10
Key words: Growth, isabgol, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, yield
Abstract: An experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2015-16 at Horticulture Experimental Farm, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth and yield of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk) using randomized block design with 3 replications. There were 9 treatments in the experiment viz., 30:15:10 kg NPK ha-1, 30:15:20 kg NPK ha-1, 30:30:10 kg NPK ha-1, 30:30:20 kg NPK ha-1, 60:15:10 kg NPK ha-1, 60:15:20 kg NPK ha-1, 60:30:10 kg NPK ha-1, 60:30:20 kg NPK ha-1 and absolute control. Results revealed that application of 60:30:20 kg NPK ha-1 gave significantly higher value of growth, and yield attributes and economics as compared to other treatments.
1Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. 2Sherubtse College, Royal University of Bhutan, Bhutan. Corresponding e-mail: hgiri@afu.edu.np
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.11
Key words: Key word: Cauliflower, technical efficiency, farmer, agriculture, Bangladesh
Abstract: The research was conducted to explore the technical efficiency of the cauliflower production in Savar and Keraniganj Upazila of Dhaka district, Bangladesh by applying the stochastic production frontier approach. Primary data were collected from 120 households cultivating the cauliflower following the face to face interview by using a structured questionnaire. The estimated results revealed that the mean technical efficiency was 85 % which implies that the household cultivating the cauliflower can increase the revenue by 15 % at given level of resources. Lastly, the inefficiency model suggested that the seedlings of improved varieties, more access to market information, and better training and extension service can minimize the farm level inefficiency.
1College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China. 2Department of Management and Finance, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 3 Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.4Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.12
Key words: Asset ownership, Bangladesh, empowerment, income, vegetable
Abstract: Use of homestead gardening in developing countries may be a method for improving income and employment of rural women, but determinants for adoption by women are not well understood. The study identified determinants of adoption of homestead gardening and its effect on income and decision making power of women. A total of 150 adopter and non-adopter women were interviewed and the Mann-Whitney test, and probit model was used to analyze data. Age, years of education, training, farm size, and income influenced the adoption of homestead gardening. Annual income in adopters were 40 % more than non-adopters. Women involved in homestead gardening increased household food production and income which helped them to contribute in decision making and could improve the status of women in the society.
1Vegetable Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El Minia, Eg-61517, Egypt.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.13
Key words: Artichoke, GA3, chitosan, garlic extract, moringa leaves extract, salicylic acid
Abstract: Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons of (2018/2019-2019/2020). The purpose of these experiments was to investigate the response of globe artichoke (French cultivar) plants to foliar spray with each of GA3, chitosan, garlic extract, moringa leaves extract or salicylic acid or the combination of each material with GA3. Plant parameters of vegetative growth, earliness, yield quantity and quality as well as some chemical composition were recorded. The results indicated that spraying plants with moringa leaves extract increased vegetative growth i.e. plant height, number of shoots, leaf length and leaf width compared to control plants and other treatments in both seasons. GA3 + moringa leaves extract ranked second. The same results were obtained with yield parameters (early, middle, late and total) by moringa leaves extract. The lowest values were obtained from control plants treatments for all studied characters. The results indicate that there were significant effects of the interaction treatments i.e., GA3 + chitosan, GA3 + garlic extract, GA3 + moringa leaves extract or GA3 + salicylic acid where the highest values were obtained from GA3 + moringa leaves extract treatment compared with all other interaction treatments. It can be concluded that a foliar spray application of moringa leaves extract or the combination of GA3 + moringa leaves extract is more suitable strategy for artichoke yield improvement under quite similar environmental conditions.
Department of Horticulture Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Mizoram University- Aizawl, Mizoram 796004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.14
Key words: Nanofertilizers, chitosan, chlorophyll, nanozeolite, proliferation, food security
Abstract: Current horticultural practices are being upgraded and updated by use of various technologies including nanotechnology. Use of nanotechnology for developing nanofertilizers could improve the nutrient use ef?ciencies, reduce nutrient loss, replenish soil fertility, increase crop yield, maintain ecosystem, soil health and curtail serious soil problems. Nano-fertilizers are formulated to deliver and emit nutrient tardily and deliberately. Regular release of nutrients by nanofertilizers help in augmenting nutrient use efficiency beyond several related adverse outcome. Nanofertilizers may increase the fruit yield and quality of various horticultural crops which will inturn increase the nutritive content of products as well as increase the global food security. The present review discuses different aspects of nanofertilizer application in horticulture.
Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Faculty Centre for Agriculture, Rural and Tribal Development, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Morabadi, Ranchi-834008, Jharkhand, India,
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.15
Key words: Garden pea, Pisum sativum var. hortense, Sanjeevani, Shasyagavya, growth, yield, quality
Abstract: Garden pea is one of the most popular winter vegetables in India and the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India is well-known for its quality production. However, indiscriminate uses of different agrochemicals in the production cycle of the crop reduces its quality. Besides, the high cost concerning chemical farming is practically out of reach to the small and marginal farmers of the eastern Indian plateau. In this context, low-cost involving alternative approach of organic farming that has the potential to produce quality yield is gaining popularity. The experiment consisted of seven commonly cultivated garden pea varieties of the region, namely, V1:GS-10, V2: HAEP-1, V3: HAEP-2, V4: Swarna Mukti, V5: Swarna Amar, V6: Azad Pea-3 and V7: Azad Pea-1 grown through the application of three organic liquid manures viz. T1: Shasyagavya (10 %); T2: Sanjeevani (10 %); T3: Enriched Sanjeevani (10 %) and including control (T4 ) where no liquid formulation was applied during rabi growing season of two consecutive years (2017-18 and 2018-19) by adopting Factorial RBD experimental design. Different growth, yield, and quality attributing characters of the crop were studied and found to be significant under different treatments. Results revealed that V5 is the best-performing variety in terms of green pod yield (19.55t ha-1). However, when treatment and varietal interactions were taken into consideration, T3V6 was the best combination with green pod yield of 23.10 t ha-1. Quality attributes like TSS, starch, protein and ascorbic acid content of green peas performed significantly better independently under different treatments than control. From the findings, it may be concluded that Swarna Amar and Azad Pea-3 were highly responsive to organic liquid manure especially ‘Enriched Sanjeevani’ in terms of their growth, yield and quality traits expressions in the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India.
Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.16
Key words: Tomato price, price forecasting; artificial neural networks, support vector machines; efficiency comparison
Abstract: A reliable forecast of the prices of agricultural commodities can help to allocate resources optimally, enhance efficiency and farmer income, and alleviate fluctuations. Given the importance of accurate forecasts, the present paper investigates how one can forecast greenhouse tomato prices one, two, three, and six-month horizons using different support vector machines and artificial neural network algorithms. The data on variables affecting the price of greenhouse tomatoes were collected through a field study for a short-term period from November 2014 to January 2017. The wholesale price of the crop was drawn from a market study for this period. The results show that the trend forecasted through General Regression Neural Network along with activating function of reciprocal is more efficient to estimate the training data. The Epsilon-SVR SVM acquisition pattern alongside the linear activating function was taken into consideration to estimate the testing data in an efficient way for two-month, three-month or biannual periods.
Mahyco Research Centre, Mahyco Private Limited, Jalna-Aurangabad Road, Dawalwadi, Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.17
Key words: Okra anther culture, microspores, callus, primary shoots
Abstract: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench), also known as “lady’s finger”, belonging to the Malvaceae family, is an alloploid. Availability of haploids and doubled haploid lines are essential for the development of improved okra hybrid varieties. Anthers were excised from flower buds at different stages. The ability to produce haploid callus or somatic embryogenesis and thereby, regenerate into haploid plants was investigated. Several factors, such as flower buds initiation time, type of media and plant growth regulator combinations have been evaluated. The flower buds of different sizes were dissected to determine stages of development before subjecting to various pre-treatments and then the anthers. These were cultured on different PGR combinations (NAA, IAA, 2,4-D, KIN, BAP, IBA, ZTN, 2iP, GA3 and TDZ) and various concentrations. The cultures were incubated in both dark and light conditions. The suitable developmental stage of microspore for callus induction was obtained from 12 mm length of flower buds in okra for calli and root development. The effect of flower bud initiation time was an important factor in anther cultures. The media, MSNB, gave highest percentage (95 %) of callus induction. Incubation for 28 days in dark gave highest percentage (92.5 %) of callus induction. The ultimate aim of this study was to investigate the potential of okra anther culture. The study will ultimately help in double haploid development for faster crop improvement.
Punjab Agricultural University, Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar-144303, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i01.18
Key words: Citrus, rootstock, nursery performance, budding success
Abstract: A study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar during 2016-17 to evaluate nursery performance of different exotic rootstocks and their budding compatibility with Kinnow mandarin. The seeds of exotic rootstocks: Swingle citrumelo, Rich 16-6, Rubidoux trifoliate (RTF), US-852, Benton citrange, Troyer citrange, Kuharsuke citrange, C-35 citrange, X-639, Carrizo citrange, Gou Tou, Shin Chu Sha, Rangpur Lime, Volkameriana lemon and Rough lemon were sown in protrays and later transplanted in poly-bags under protected conditions. The results of the experiment revealed that maximum plant height and stem thickness was recorded in C-35 citrange and Swingle citrumelo, respectively. Number of leaves/plant was highest in X-639. Root length and thickness at buddable stage were highest in Volkameriana lemon and Benton citrange, respectively. Fresh and dry root weight was maximum in Rangpur lime rootstock. Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was budded on all the rootstocks under study and highest budding success was recorded in Rough lemon followed by Volkameriana lemon, Rangpur lime and Kuharsuke citrange. It was concluded that Volkameriana lemon, Kuharsuke citrange and Rangpur lime can also be explored as potential rootstocks along with Rough lemon for raising the nursery of Kinnow mandarin under protected conditions in Punjab. However, their long term effects on fruit yield and quality along with stionic compatibility should also be critically taken into consideration before any commercial recommendation.
1Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Malappuram-679 573, Kerala, India. 2College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur-680 656, Kerala, India. 3Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi-682 508, Kerala, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i03.31
Key words: Tender jackfruit, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, regression, reference method, quality, non-destructive, firmness, toughness
Abstract: Value addition of fresh tender jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) for vegetable purpose has gained much popularity due to its inherent nutritional and health benefits. For industries involved in value addition of tender jackfruit, rapid characterization of raw material is essential for screening and routine quality evaluation. But, conventional reference methods of quality evaluation are not suitable as they involve the use of chemicals, expensive, laborious and time consuming subject to the number of samples to be analyzed. As a promising alternative, the present study examined the performance of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a novel approach to estimate pH, total soluble solid, titrable acidity, firmness and toughness of tender jackfruit. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models were used to establish linkage between reflectance spectra (1100-2450 nm) and quality attributes of fresh tender jackfruit. Based on residual prediction deviation (RPD) criteria, accuracy of PLSR model of titrable acidity was noted to be excellent (RPD=3.96) while good estimation was possible in case of firmness-tendril (RPD=2.61). Accuracy level suitable for coarse quantitative estimation (RPD=2.12) was noted in case of total soluble solids. The PLSR models of all other attributes were found to be capable of discriminating their low and high values (1.5
