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1College of Horticulture, Sirsi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.-581401. 2Regional Horticultural Research & Extension Centre, Dharwad, Karnataka, India-580005. 3College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India-587104. 4College of Horticulture, Bangalore, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India- 560065. Corresponding e-mail: ratnakar.shet@uhsbagalkot.edu.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.16
Key words: Shelf life, culinary melon, rind color, storage, fruit weight loss, Mangalore melon
Abstract: Culinary melon (Cucumis melo var. acidulus) also known as Mangalore melon is reported with extended shelf life of more than six months. A study was conducted to assess the variability in the fruit traits with shelf life for selected 52 accessions of culinary melon at room temperature. Fruits were hanged in the air tied with smooth plastic fiber and psuedostem banana fiber, hanged to the roof of a laboratory and observations were recorded on fruit weight loss, change in the color of rind and fruit decay. Significant variation in shelf life and rind color change was observed among the accessions during storage period. The correlation analysis revealed that shelf life had significant positive high association with weight loss during storage (0.602) followed by fruit weight (0.544), flesh thickness (0.401), fruit length (0.359), days to harvest (0.346), peduncle length (0.332) and fruit width (0.322). Twenty-six accessions exhibited shelf life of more than 150 days. Green rind fruits were less vulnerable for discoloration and decay. Among the accessions MS30, MS28, MS79, MS74, MS78, MS39, MS74 and MS6 were identified as promising accessions for shelf life with marginal weight loss, rind color change and fruit traits. Understanding of physiological and biochemical changes in fruits during storage period and identifying candidate genes for shelf life will help exploit this trait to improve the muskmelon.
1Department of Horticulture, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025. 2ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow, 226002. Corresponding e-mail: damhort73@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.17
Key words: Strawberry, organic, FYM, Muncipal Solid Waste Compost , CSR bio-inoculant
Abstract: Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) occupies a significant place in the fruit industry, since it is cultivated in both plains and hills. The fruit stands out for its organoleptic and nutraceutical properties and is appreciated worldwide for its economic returns. Despite their high sensitivity to marginal and salt-affected soil, it has potential, as fruit crops perform well in salt-affected soils when grown with the aid of innovative interventions. The current study is one such attempt where a CSR bio-inoculant comprising of salt tolerant and growth promoting rhizobacterial bio-consortia on a unique media developed at ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Insitute, Regional Station, Lucknow was assessed for its field efficacy with enrichment of different organic amendments. The field experiment was conducted during 2018-19 at the Horticulture Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India, on Strawberry cv. Chandler grown on partially reclaimed alkali soil of central Uttar Pradesh. The study was laid out in RBD with twelve treatment combinations and control, replicated thrice. The results showed that runners treated with CSR bio-inoculant and applied with FYM, municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and paddy straw mulching had a significant influence on fruit yield and physicochemical properties. The maximum fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit size, fruit weight, fruit dry weight, fruit volume, fruit yield/plant (131.06g), and fruit yield/ha. (194.16q) were all statistically significant over the control in the treatment with 75% NPK+ MSWC + Mulch (Paddy straw) + CSR bio-inoculant. The experimental findings revealed that treatment with CSR bi-inoculant and 75% NPK+MSWC+paddy straw mulch could increase the yield of strawberry cv. Chandler under salt stress conditions without hampering the soil fertility status, particularly in the subtropical region of the country.
1Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. 2Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: nesreen.darwish@agr.asu.edu.eg
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.17
Key words: Gerbera, essential oils, nano-silver, vase life, postharvest
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Abstract: Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii, Asteraceae), is a perennial important commercial cut-flower crop. A common concern with gerbera cut flowers is short vase life, which is caused by neck bending and other factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of thyme, clove, and caraway essential oils, as well as nano-silver particles, on vase life and some parameters of gerbera cv. 'Rosalin' cut flowers. A factorial experiment was conducted with essential oils as the first factor (at 25 and 50 mg/L) and Nano-silver as the second factor (at 5 and 10 mg/L), with distilled water ÿas the control. Vase solution uptake, relative fresh weight, flower vase life, neck bending, enzyme activity of polyphenol oxidase and catalase, anthocyanin pigment, and phenols were estimated. The results showed that essential oils had a positive effect on vase life and vase solution uptake, as well as reduced neck bending, with caraway and clove oils in normal form at 50 and 25 mg/L, respectively, being the most effective treatments. Similarly, catalase levels increased significantly. Nano-silver particles, on the other hand, had no effect on neck bending. Nonetheless, there was a significant effect on vase life and vase solution uptake.
1Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria. 2Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Cross River University of Technology, Cross River State, Nigeria. 3Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Oyo Sate, Nigeria. Corresponding e-mail:etimekpiken@yahoo.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.02
Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, ACMV, EACMV, PCR, begomovirus, Calabar
Abstract: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major root crop in sub-Saharan Africa, including Cross River State, Nigeria, where the crop is cultivated as a staple food in many communities. Cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) have limited cassava production across Africa. Thus, between March and August 2021, forty-five samples of symptomatic cassava leaves across the state were collected and evaluated for CMBs using molecular techniques. Partial sequencing of the African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) coat protein genes produced sequence lengths of 620 bp for representative isolates from Okpoma (MZ507578), Ababene (MZ507579) and Idundu (MZ507580), and 554 bp for an Ovonum isolate, respectively. BLASTn results for MZ507578 and MZ507580 showed a percentage similarity of 99.35 and 99.03%, respectively with the nucleotide sequence of ACMV (MH251339) from Nigeria for MZ507579, percentage similarity was 99.84% with ACMV (MG250088) from Ghana. Conversely, the Ovonum isolate showed a 100% percentage similarity with EACMV (MW826364) from Nigeria. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the Calabar isolates (MZ507578, MZ507579 and MZ507580) with MH251339 from Nigeria, MG250088 from Ghana and EU155147 from Togo while the Ovonum isolate was grouped with MW826364 and MT571462, both from Nigeria. The two main CMBs in Nigeria, ACMV and EACMV, were identified and characterized from Cross River state in this study, indicating that disease monitoring should be continuous and more virus-resistant cultivars should be introduced for proper virus management.
Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603203, Tamil Nadu, India. Corresponding e-mail: sofiyak@srmist.edu.in,ksofiya26@yahoo.co.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.18
Key words: Rosa x damascena, organic solvents, composition analysis, multistage solvent extraction
Abstract: Four different solvents, ethyl acetate, ethanol, petroleum ether, and hexane, were used for the multistage solvent extraction of rose concrete oil from the aromatic plant species of Rosa x damascena. The components present in the concrete oils were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. After the multistage solvent extraction process, the solvent was removed by using a rotary vacuum evaporator. Methyl alpha d-glucopyranoside, 5-hydroxy methyl furfural, 2,3-butanediol, and ethyl-d glucopyranoside were the major components identified using ethyl acetate ethanol, hexane, and petroleum ether as a solvent, respectively. The phenyl ethyl alcohol and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural were identified as the repeated components in all four solvents. The solvent ethanol showed a different composition when compared to the other three solvents. A high yield was obtained when ethanol was used as a solvent. The type of solvent used significantly impacts the compositions of the concrete oil of Rosa x damascena.
1Assistant Professor, S.R. University, Warangal, Telangana, India 506371. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhrrrrrra Pradaesh, India 522502. Corresponding e-mail: rameshdamarla2009@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.19
Key words: Apple (Malus Domestica Borkh), firmness, quality loss, textural properties, postharvest factors
Abstract: Apples attract humans with their dominant appeal and eating quality. The most dominant properties are color and texture. This review paper discusses the scientifically published results of apple texture through understanding internal properties like structural, physiological, physical, mechanical, water and cell wall contributions and post-harvest handling and storage methods. A critical appraisal is made of factors responsible for inner texture and sustenance during post-harvest and storage periods. The status of research data available is discussed from a firmness point of view of Indian apple varieties vis-à-vis those grown in other countries. Most of the research work on Indian apples reported physico-chemical parameters like weight, diameter, firmness, bio-chemical and nutrient components. The latest literature did not find data for the long term behaviour in CAS (6 to 10 months). The research data on factors responsible for texture loss is also very limited for Indian-origin apples. There are still large gaps in research on firmness loss in apple. Hence, suggestions are made on the scope for future research on apples grown in India for the benefit of farmers, traders, and consumers.
1Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2 CEMB, University of the Punjab New campus, Lahore, Pakistan. Corresponding e-mail: shafiq.iags@pu.edu.pk
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.42
Key words: Biotic stress, citrus, expression profile, NPR1, phylogenetic analysis, salicylic acid
Abstract: Nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related proteins 1 (NPR1), and its paralogue are important salicylic acid (SA) receptors that play important roles in plant defense. NPR gene family analysis has not yet been conducted in C. reticulata. The CrNPR1-like and AtNPR1-like protein sequences were retrieved from online genome databases and were subjected to various bioinformatics tools. This study presents the first genome-wide identification of NPR1 gene in C. reticulata, resulting in 7 family members. Phylogenetic analysis of 7 CrNPR1-like proteins, along with NPR1-related proteins from 15 species revealed that the proteins were grouped into three major clades. The CrNPR1-like genes in the same Arabidopsis subfamilies had similar protein domain compositions, number of exons and conserved motifs. All 7 CrNPR genes were segmented duplicated, and no tandem duplicate was observed. Transcriptome data revealed note-worthy expression in leaf, fruit and rind patterns of CrNPR1-like genes. Nearly six out of seven CrNPR, expressed in leaf infected with Xylella fastidiosa, indicates that these tissues and organs contribute to improved defense response against pathogens. These results pave the way for more functional characterization of NPR1s in C. reticulate and related species.
Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources Valorization, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, 8106, Morocco. Corresponding e-mail: lachheb.mohamed91@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.43
Key words: Saffron, Crocus sativus L., ISSR markers, genetic diversity, conservation.
Abstract: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is an autumnal herbaceous triploid plant; it is the source of saffron spice, recognized as the most expensive spice in the world. In this study, genetic diversity among 14 saffron accessions collected from different ancestral geographic areas in Morocco, Greece and France, has been assessed using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) markers system. Ten ISSR primers were amplified, a total of 143 fragments of which 44.05 % are polymorphic with an average of 6.3 polymorphic fragments per each primer and average of polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.236. ISSR markers proved to be a powerful tool for assessment of genetic diversity among saffron accessions. Cluster analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient and supported by the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), divided the studied accessions into three major groups, and showed that genetic distance is independent of geographical distance. In this paper, we report for the first time the level of genetic diversity among Moroccan saffron; this information allows an unequivocal development of a suitable approach for the conservation of C. sativus germplasm and reduce its genetic erosion.
1Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Dr. Soeparno, Purwokerto 51123, Central Java, Indonesia; 2Independent, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, Japan. Corresponding e-mail: sakhidin@unsoed.ac.id
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.44
Key words: Citrus nobilis L., pruning intensity, doses of N, P, K fertilizers, sugar
Abstract: Pruning and fertilization are factors that can determine the production and quality of citrus. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pruning intensity and fertilizer doses of N (nitrogen), P (phosporus), and K (potassium) on citrus production and quality. The study was carried out in a citrus orchard in Central Java, Indonesia, over the course of two seasons, 2016-17 and 2017-18.The experiment was conducted as a two-factorial, completely randomized block design where the first factor was pruning intensity, namely 0, 5, 10, and 15 % of the total number of branches per tree while the second factor was doses of N, P, and K fertilizers, namely 0, 2, and 4 % of the weight of harvested citrus fruit in the previous season. The result showed that increasing doses of N, P, K fertilizers from 0 to 4 % increased fruit set, harvested fruits, fruit size, content of vitamin C, sugar, and soluble solid. The highest fruit set, weight of harvested fruits, and content of vitamin C were achieved by pruning intensity of 10 %.
1Current address: Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. 2Frontier Agriculture, SOYL Precision Crop Production Division, Newbury, England. Corresponding e-mail: mmunir@kfu.edu.sa
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.45
Key words: Date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L., pollen grains, germination, viability
Abstract: Date palm is a dioecious fruit tree that permits cross pollination for fruit setting. The germination of viable pollens to fertilize ovule is influenced by environmental cues such as temperature. The germination and viability of pollen grains collected for pollination purpose also varied with the male pollinizer source and the male spathe opening time. An in vitro study performed to determine the percentage of pollen germination at different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) and germination times (4, 8, 12, and 24 h) taken from different male sources and toidentify any variations in the germination and viability of pollen grains collected from spathes opened at different dates (20th February, 1st and 10th March). Pollens from different male sources showed a significant difference regarding germination percentage when incubated at different temperatures and for different germination times. Pollens incubated at 30 (81.07%) and 25°C (78.17%) had the highest germination percentage which decreased to 51.04, 16.23, and 5.90% when incubation temperature dropped to 20, 15, and 10 °C, respectively. Similarly, 71.11% pollens were germinated after 4 h of incubation at 30°C, which was decreased to 63.26 and 25.40% when incubation temperature decreased to 25 and 20°C, respectively after same time interval. Pollen germination and viability were significantly differed when they were collected from spathes opened at three different dates. Early opened spathes had lowest germination (57.58%) and viability percentages (81.19%) than the middle (81.11 and 91.53%) or late (80.71% and 93.05%) opening spathes. It is therefore, concluded that the optimum temperature for date palm pollen grains germination is 25-30°C and at these temperatures maximum pollens germinated within 4 h. Moreover, pollen grains from early opened spathes were less superior compared to the middle or late opening ones.
Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan. Corresponding e-mail: panawat.sik@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.46
Key words: Chilling requirement, peach production, protected agriculture, Prunus persica
Abstract: Although ‘KU-PP2’, a low-chill peach cultivar, was released for high-quality peach production under forcing culture, the performance of ‘KU-PP2’ trees under forcing conditions has yet to be determined. In this study, we investigated the spring phenology, fruit development, and fruit quality of ‘KU-PP2’ in a heated plastic house compared with the same traits in an unheated plastic house and open field conditions. We found that the forcing conditions accelerated the spring phenology and harvest period of ‘KU-PP2’. Heated conditions shortened the number of days from dormancy release to blooming and the length of the fruit development period, resulting in the blooming of flowers in late February, with fruit begin harvested as early as mid-May, which was notably earlier than blooming and fruit harvest under natural conditions by 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. Similarly, the unheated conditions accelerated the time to blooming and harvest by up to 3 and 4 weeks, respectively compared with the open field conditions. However, although the fruit produced by trees raised in the heated plastic house could be harvested at an earlier date, the amount of fuel used for the heating system was 50 L per tree, which could be prohibitively expensive for commercial production. Although the fruit growth pattern did not differ significantly between the forcing and natural conditions, the rate of fruit growth at stages S1 and S2 was higher in the heated plastic house than that under the other assessed conditions. Furthermore, the size and quality of fruit obtained under forcing conditions were slightly larger and superior, respectively, than those of fruit produced under natural conditions. Moreover, we found no evidence of split-pits under the forcing conditions. The findings of this study accordingly indicate that cultivation of the low-chill peach ‘KU-PP2’ under forcing conditions is conducive to a notably earlier harvest of fresh peaches. These observations advance our current understanding of the flowering, fruit development, and fruit production of low-chill peaches under forcing conditions.
1Graduate in Genetics and Breeding; 2Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology; 3Department of Biology, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina PI Brasil; 4Department of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900 Maringá PR Brazil. Corresponding e-mail: mfpsmachado@uem.br Corresponding e-mail: mfpsmachado@uem.br
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.47
Key words: Bell pepper, bishop’s crown pepper, chili pepper, RAPD td-PCR method, seed bank
Abstract: Assessment of genetic diversity and identification of redundant accessions in seed banks are important to minimize the risk of gene loss in collections and to decrease costs in the management of germplasm banks. Current study used markers at DNA level to evaluate genetic diversity and identify whether there are duplicate accessions of Capsicum spp. in the collections of an active germplasm bank. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers using touchdown-polymerase chain reaction method evaluated genetic diversity and identified duplicates in ten accessions of Capsicum spp. Higher genetic diversity has been detected in C. annuum rather than in the species C. chinense and C. baccatum. DNA amplified segments revealed high genetic divergence showing that accessions of C. annuum, C. chinense and C. baccatum were separately grouped after data analysis with three software programs. Accessions of C. baccatum var. pendulum and C. annuum var. glabriusculum were the least similar. Since rates were less than 60% between accessions of C. chinense and C. annuum, they revealed low identity of amplified DNA segments among the three Capsicum species. Redundance in four accessions of C. chinense and in five accessions of C. annuum was not detected. On the other hand, duplicates within accessions C. chinense (50%), C. annuum var. glabrisculum (5%) and C. baccatum var. pendulum (75%) were reported in the Capsicum active germplasm bank.
Department of Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur - 208 024, UP, India. Corresponding e-mail: mfpsmachado@uem.br
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.48
Key words: Withania somnifera, callus, table sugar, phenolic, flavonoid
Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to develop an efficient protocol for low cost secondary metabolite production through in vitro callus culture of a medicinal herb Withania somnifera. The leaf explants, excised from the shoots collected from university campus, were cultured under different experimental conditions for in vitro callus induction and growth. The experimental conditions were optimized for reducing the cost of in vitro callusing medium. In the callusing medium double distilled water was replaced by reverse osmosis water, sucrose by table sugar and by lowering (0.7 % w/v) agar concentration instead of 0.8 %. Different concentration and combinations of 2,4-D and Kinetin were tested for callus induction and growth from leaf tissue. The leaf explant cultured on 0.7 % (w/v) agar gelled MS medium prepared with RO water and having 4.50 µM 2,4-D and 4.65 µM Kn were found best for callus induction. The cost of this medium was 11 times lower than the normal medium. The callus obtained on this medium was dried at room temperature and extraction of phytochemicals from dried callus was performed by using methanol as solvent. The methanolic extract of callus showed the presence of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity.
1Potato and Vegetatively Propagated Vegetables Department, Horticultural Research Institute (HRI), Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Giza, Egypt. 2Natural Products Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding e-mail: yasser.osman77@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.49
Key words: Green garlic, plant density, algae, Ascophyllum nodosum, Ecklonia maxima, bulb quality
Abstract: This experiment was carried out to study the impact of plant density 5, 6, 7 and 8 lines/ ridge (22, 27, 31, 36 plants/m2) and foliar application of Ascophyllum nodosum and Ecklonia maxima extracts at rate of (0, 0.5 and 1 mL/L) and their interaction on plant growth, yield and chemical constituents of green garlic bulbs under new reclaimed soil. The obtained results showed that plant density 5 and 7 lines/ ridge recorded highest values of plant length, bulb diameter, plant fresh weight, nitrogen and crude protein percentage in dry matter of green garlic bulbs. The plant density of 5 lines/ ridge scored the highest values of leaf area, plant dry weight, bulb weight at harvest time and total carbohydrates concentration. In addition, plants cultivated at rate of 8 lines/ ridge gave the highest values of total yield of green garlic and bulbing ratio. The plant densities at rate of 5 and 6 lines/ ridge scored the highest values of bulb diameter and bulb dry matter at harvest time. Foliar application of 1 mL/L A. nodosum extract led to the highest total yield of green garlic, bulb weight at harvest time, bulb diameter, dry matter percentage, nitrogen and crude protein percentage in dry matter of bulbs. On the other hand, plants sprayed with 0.5 mL/L of A. nodosum and E. maxima extracts gave higher total carbohydrates concentration in bulbs than other treatments. Additionally, plants sprayed with 0.5 and 1 mL/L of A. nodosum extract gave higher potassium percentage in bulbs than other foliar application treatments.
1Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea. 2Department of Plant Science, Gangnueng-Wonju National University, Gangnueng 25457, Republic of Korea.Corresponding e-mail: jyheo@gwnu.ac.kr
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.50
Key words: Chilling stress, Chinese cabbage, plant growth regulator, seed treatment
Abstract: In Korea, the seeds of Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis are sown in the winter and spring months. Cold stress can result in irregular seed germination and poor seedling establishment in some cases. Priming seeds with salicylic acid (SA) can reduce the likelihood of poor seedling establishment when exposed to cold stress conditions, which is beneficial for many plant species. The present study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of seed priming with SA on seed germination and seedling establishment in B. rapa ssp. pekinensis under cold stress conditions. Seeds were soaked in different SA concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 mM) for 12 and 24 hours, respectively, and then both primed and unprimed seeds germinated at 5 oC. Using SA treatment, seed germination was improved, as was root and shoot length, which were both longer in SA primed seeds than in unprimed seeds. Based on the findings, it is possible to use SA priming as one of the most effective ways to maintain productivity in B. rapa ssp. pekinensis while it is exposed to low temperatures.
